In fact, there is no reason why mental as well as bodily labor should not be economized by the aid of machinery. Are all these difficult subjects are applicable and useful when we work in the company?
How about this algebra, trigonometry and analytic geometry? Can I apply this when I work abroad? Well, I cannot answer you with a resounding yes. Maybe because, I am not a mathematician. However, I can answer you that we can use and apply our knowledge that we learned in studying number system conversion, because it is really an applied knowledge. Wise men said that knowledge can only becomes power when it is applied.
I strongly agree. So here is now the reason : Computers and networking equipment such as routers and switches work with binary digits bits. In other words, the base 2 number system binary number system is what the computers and data communication devices are using for its design, implementation, and operation. Bits can be either a binary 1 or binary 0 that can represent as the absence 0 or presence 1 of current which flows within a cable, wire or circuitry in the computer system.
In writing the programming logic or algorithm, 1 can be interpreted as True or Yes, while 0 can be interpreted as False or No. The bits are encoded internally in the computer system and on networking media cables or wires as either electrical voltages on copper cable such as unshielded twisted pair UTP cable or a light pulses on fiber optic cable and electromagnetic waves in the wireless communication.
Now let us consider the application of these number systems to the Internet technology. We, the human beings are more comfortable working with decimal numbers, therefore, Internet Protocol IP addresses are usually written as dotted-decimal numbers separated by periods dots , each representing an octet, so that we can read them easily. This is in IP version 4 IPv4 of the Internet Protocol which uses the bit address scheme divided into 4 octets to identify a particular network and a host on the network.
Knowing and learning binary numbers and how they relate to decimal and hexadecimal numbers are critical to understanding successfully the network routing, IP addresses, subnets, and computer circuitry.
Not to mention on becoming a successful network administrator or network engineer someday. Who knows? Binary method of notation uses two numbers only, the 0 and 1. The number 1 can be interpreted as logical true, yes, or on or simply a representation of the presence of current or signal.
While 0 can be interpreted as logical false, no, off or a representation of the absence of current or signal. The 0 and 1 are called bits, the short term for binary digits. Binary is a base 2 number system while the decimal is a base 10 number system. The base 2 number system is what all computers and data communications used to communicate and process data. Decimal Number System A decimal number can be expressed as the sum of each digit times a power of ten in expanded notation.
With decimal fraction, this can be expressed also in expanded notation. However, the values at the right side of the decimal point are the negative power of ten.
Examples: 1. Binary To Decimal Number Conversion Binary numbers can be converted into decimal number using an expanded notation in base 2 instead of base 10 in the case of decimal numbers. Decimal To Binary Number Conversion Decimal numbers can be converted into binary numbers by dividing it by 2.
The remainders are considered as its binary equivalent by reading it upward or the last remainder is the first to be read. You have to neglect the numbers after the decimal point in the quotient. Divide Quotient Remainder 1. Convert the following Binary numbers to Decimal numbers 1. Convert the following Decimal numbers to Binary numbers 1. Kennedy, Jr.
The computer is very powerful and useful that they make our life very convenient and comfortable. They are used in scheduling airlines flight which makes ticket reservation so easy and fast, not to mention accuracy and convenience. They are even used to predict or forecast the weather conditions, making us well-informed about the incoming typhoon or even a tidal wave. These are all but the few benefits which we have enjoyed because of the invention of computers.
Imagine, living without computers, how lousy life could be. But, what the computer can really do? Why can they accomplish such incredible tasks? The truth is, computers can do only four simple tasks: receive an input, process information, produce output, and store information.
The question here is why they can accomplish such tremendous task? The answer is: man made them so. A program is a set of commands or instructions for a computer to follow. We usually call this end-product: a software. This will be our topic in the next chapter. As of this moment, we will just limit and focus our discussions to the hardware aspects of computer. Every computer system contains hardware components that are used for receiving input, processing information, producing the output, and storing information.
Let us start with the input device. The most common input devices are keyboards, mouse, and joystick used in computer games. And the most common output devices are monitor screen and printer.
Let us go to the microprocessor. The microprocessor is used in processing information such as performing arithmetic computations and making decisions based on given choices or alternatives. Technically speaking, the microprocessor is also called the central processing unit CPU or the brain of the computer.
The computer is made of these major components. The progression of its evolution is as important as the present hardware technology in itself.
This will give you a glimpse of the past, and how and when the computer hardware started. So let us start its history first before going into the details of what a computer hardware is all about.
It has two floppy drives and no hard disk. It runs a speed of 4. At the same year, Xerox Corporation introduces Xerox Star computer with the use of a mouse. At the same year, Intel corporation, introduces its bit micro-processor. Another giant computer company Hewlett-Packard, releases the LaserJet laser-printer with its main feature is a dpi dot per inch resolution. At the same time, the Apple Computer together with IBM and Motorola companies signed a cooperative agreement to design and produce a RISC-based Reduced Instruction Set Computing chips, object-oriented operating system, and develop common multimedia standards.
Their collaborative efforts resulted to the invention of the microprocessor called PowerPC. Power Computing company releases its first-ever Apple-Macintosh clones. It is called Power Robotics company introduces the PalmPilot. At the same year, Sun Microsystem introduces its first workstation with bit micro-processor called Sun Ultra. Ideal for home-user or for companies whose users do not need a fast PC. Intel Corp. At the same year, Apple Computer introduces its colorful iMac. It features the new G3 microprocessor and USB connections but without a floppy disk drive.
The iPod Shuffle was designed and introduced to the market late, compared to the Nano and Video version. It can perform 6. Bringing your Laptop to Starbucks and Robinsons Shopping Center, will give you a free access to the Internet connection. It boasts an increase of 40 percent more performance to its predecessor, the Core Duo microprocessor. It is considered as the brain of the computer.
The CPU interprets and carry out the instructions or commands in each program or software. Moreover, it does arithmetic and logical data manipulations, and communicates with all the other parts of the computer system. This may be the reason why the microprocessor is considered as the brain, since it has these capabilities as though it has a capability to think and decide on its own when given a tasks, situations or alternatives.
The speed of the microprocessor to perform its tasks is measured in units called megahertz MHz. Todays computer runs in 2 GHz or more. We have to remember that mega is an engineering term which means- million while the term giga is an engineering term that refers to a meaning of a billion. So in other words, 2 GHz means two billion hertz. Many software applications that use intensive graphics such as pictures, images, and drawings and large number calculations in over ten digits require faster CPU speed.
For example some microprocessor design or architecture is based on the complex instruction set computing CISC. The computer you owned now is based on this microprocessor unless you are holding a supercomputer right this time which is impossible if not improbable , since IBM-compatible PCs are designed with CISC.
Another microprocessor design technology is emerging in the present time though it is not a new idea, historically-speaking. Its hype is so overwhelming. It is popularly known as parallel processing microprocessor design. This system has a multi-processing capability. And in microprocessor design, the more transistors a microprocessor has, the faster and powerful it is.
For example, the older Intel microprocessor can only move data in 8-bit chunks. Then followed by the Intel microprocessor that can move data in bit chunks. The succeeding Intel microprocessors can move data in bit. And presently, AMD and Intel are producing microprocessor that can move data in bit.
So the higher data bit-rate transfer, the faster the microprocessor. So if we compare the data to vehicles running on the road, then bit-rate transfer can be compared to road lanes. An 8-bit could be a one lane, and 16 bit could be two lanes, 32 bits are four lanes, while bits could be 8 lanes. The more lanes in the road, the more vehicles can run. The same thing with bit-rate transfer in the computer. The more bit-rate transfer, the faster the computer. It also boosts multi-tasking power with improved performance for highly multi-threaded and calculation-intensive applications.
It improves multi-media application such as in intense network-gaming. The shared L2 cache is increased by 4 MB. It has five more features compared to its predecessor, the Dual-Core.
Figure 2. This total reversal of earlier design resulted to better power distribution, thus increasing the speed of the Front Side Bus. The PCI bus is a computer bus used for attaching peripheral devices to a computer motherboard.
While the AGP bus is the specification for a type of dedicated video card interface over which the card can access system memory RAM at a very high transfer rate up to 2.
This provides up to eight times the bandwidth of the PCI bus. AGP is one part of the solution to the memory requirements of accelerated 3D video. Video cards use on-board memory for storing images, textures, and geometry data, which allows the video hardware direct, rapid access to it.
The amount of data is very large, and the speed at which it must be transferred from the system memory is too high for the PCI bus. The AMD Turion 64 delivers exceptional multi-threading and multi-tasking performance for both bit and bit environments.
It boosts long battery life and better system security with Enhanced Virus Protection feature. Cache Memory This type of memory is extremely fast! The computer accesses information through this main memory randomly by using a unique memory address number for each data stored. This unique address memory location scheme is applied so that the computer would easily find where to retrieve the data or information needed. Remember that the RAM is capable of holding millions of data temporarily.
In other words, to make it easier to search the data needed, the computer use this memory address scheme to locate it. Generally speaking, the higher the bytes of RAM in your computer, the more it can perform certain tasks faster and better.
The computer can only read information or instructions from it, but it can never write or store any new information or program on it. The ROM is used to check the basic subsystems of the computer hardware, in order to ensure that all basic parts are working and in good condition.
In short, the ROM holds the instructions programs or software, technically speaking - a firmware that the PC needs to operate. The CMOS The CMOS Complementary Metal-Oxide Semi-conductor chip is used to hold and record all the basic setups of the computer system such as the number of hard disks installed, the system date and time, and if other computer peripherals are connected to it such as modem, sound card and others.
The CMOS is a type of semi-conductor design technology that consumes less electrical energy. In desktop personal computer, this chip is powered by a battery. All settings of hardware and software are recorded on CMOS chip. Once we boot-up our computer, all the settings will be read and restored so that the computer can function properly.
Flash memory is so small that it can be transported and carried in your wallet or pocket. The MP3 compresses music and audio files without affecting its quality, while MP4 compresses video or movie files. The Input Devices The most common types of input devices are the keyboard and mouse. The other input devices are also listed here to let you know that there are many of them.
Whatever you typed from the keyboard will be displayed into the screen or monitor at the position of the blinking cursor. The cursor is the current position indicator. These touch screen is commonly used in a well-established malls, airports, and libraries. The touch tablet is used by designers, engineers, and artists. They use it for drawing or designing a particular object. This stored information can be manipulated, revised, modified or changed by the user using a special type of software.
Instead of capturing images or pictures on the film, a digital camera stores bit patterns on disks or other digital storage devices. A webcam is a small camera which images can be accessed through the Internet, instant messaging, or in video conferencing.
This webcam is attached to our desktop computer or already built-in in our laptop computer. This is really important in multimedia application when the presentation can benefit from the narration of the user. With the microphone or a headset microphone with an earphone, we can use computer to make telephone calls or use it in video-conferencing over the Internet.
By using audio recording software packaged with Windows Operating System OS , we can record our voice and save it on a disk or flash drive. We can incorporate it in our multimedia presentation, embed in Web pages or send it through e-mails.
The other term for pen is a stylus. It is also used for data collection, where the touch of a pen might place a check in a check box or a dot on a radio button to indicate a product to be ordered or a service that has been requested by a customer. Once it was stored, it can be modified, manipulated or enhanced through the use of a special type of software. There are also other input devices such as sensing devices which are designed specifically to monitor temperature, pressure, and humidity.
The data provided by these sensing devices is used in scientific research and application, robotics, medical monitoring, weather forecasting, and environmental climate control.
The joystick and game pad are game controllers used by the users to play games in the computer alone or by groups or teams through a network-based computer games in a Local Area Network LAN or in an Internet settings.
There are two classes of monitors. The first one is cathode ray tube CRT , a television- style screen. The second one is liquid crystal display LCD , a flat-panel model. Well this time, even our TV is using the flat-panel model. The LCD is the newest technology in designing and manufacturing a computer monitor as well as TV screen too! It produces crisper images, high-resolution color, and totally improved quality for viewing. We have to take note, that as the resolution increases, the image on the screen gets smaller.
The resolution settings are expressed in pixels horizontally across the screen such as x or x and so on. Higher settings of resolution are not always better, because they can cause images on the screen to appear too small which causes eyestrain. An eyestrain means a fatigue of the eyes. The muscle of our eyes becomes strained when we look at the screen for so long. The quality of the images or pictures that a monitor can display is defined as much by the video card, also commonly known as video controller or video adapter.
In some newer designed motherboard, this video card is already built directly on it. Personal Computer replaces the old-fashioned slide projectors and overhead projectors as the source of presentation.
This makes our presentation so attractive, alive and animated. A printer is used to produce a hard copy on paper for whatever information or images are displayed on the screen. There are two basic groups of printers: impact and non-impact. Dot-matrix printers are the best example of impact printer.
It prints text and graphics by using pinpoint-sized hammers that transfer into the paper; while the ink- jet and laser printers are the best examples of non-impact printer. The patterns of electrical charges attract black toner and transfer it to paper while the drum rotates. It can be used to produce music or noise. By using headphones or headsets, we can play MP3 music in our PC or Laptop without disturbing others.
With it, we can watch the output of our computer like the way we watch movies. We display the output into the big white screen, to a whiteboard, or to a white-painted wall. The disk drive can retrieve or store information from any part of a diskette. The PC usually include one disk drive that allows the computer to read from or write to the diskette.
Hard disk is rigidly solid and magnetically sensitive disk that spins rapidly and continuously inside the computer system unit case. We would know if the hard disk drive is active when the small red light located usually in-front of the CPU casing is flashing or blinking.
This means that our computer is storing or retrieving data or information in our hard disk. An optical disk drive uses laser beams rather than magnets to read and write a data or information on the disk surface. Pictures, graphics, and sounds consume a large capacity of bytes. USB Flash drive is generally faster and can hold more data and yet reliable to use. We usually used the tape drive to backup our important data or files from our hard disk. The main disadvantage of this type of storage device is its slower seek time, that results to slow access of data.
These ports are usually can be found at the back of our PC or in some cases, in-front of it. Monitor port — the LCD monitor is plug into this computer port. RJ stands for Reference Jack. Modem port - this is the port we use to connect our PC to a phone line in order to access to the Internet.
We usually call this port as RJ port. Parallel port - the older model printer should be connected to this port for hardware compatibility. Serial port — this port is the one we use to connect our external modem. This is mostly applied if we want to connect our PC or Laptop to the Internet via phone line and by using open-source software such as Linux operating system O. External modem is a small box with light-emitting diode LED on it that indicates if the data are transmitted, received or a signal is on.
USB port — the universal serial bus USB is a newly designed port for computer devices or peripherals to connect to, such as the printers, USB flash drive, iPod, and digital cameras. Audio port - there is a color coding or symbols sometimes called an icon used and applied to this port to distinguish it from one another. The yellow speaker out port is designed to connect to home stereos, while the green speaker out is for desktop speakers or headphones.
The pink microphone port is for small microphone we use in chatting over the Web. But some Laptop used only two ports, without any color-code. The icon for audio port is used to connect your speaker or sub-woofer on it, while the icon for microphone port is used to connect your small microphone on it. Computer Bus The computer bus is a group of parallel wires that is a path or route between the different interconnecting components of a computer system.
The two main buses in a computer are the internal or system bus and external or expansion bus. The expansion bus connects external devices such as mouse, printer, keyboard or modem to the CPU, while the system bus connects the CPU to other devices that resides on the motherboard main board of a computer.
The system bus has two parts. They are called data bus and address bus. Since 1 byte is equivalent to 8 bits, then a bit data bus can transfer two bytes of data at a time, while a bit data bus can transfer four bytes of data, and bit data bus can transfer 8 bytes of data. Like the microprocessor, the speed of the bus is measured in megahertz MHz. Industry Standard Architecture ISA bus is used in many computers to connect slower devices such as modem and other input devices.
Local Bus is designed to attach faster devices to the CPU. PC Card bus is used exclusively on Laptop computer and is used as network cards, external modem WiFi card, thumb scanner and biometric security system. We can use the FireWire bus to transfer data in high speed rate. Expansion Slots Through expansion slots, we can increase the capability of our computer.
Like for example, you can add a new high-end video card to your PC so that you can enjoy playing your computer games that demand higher video graphics display resolution.
If your PC is older and it has no internal modem attached to it, you can buy an internal modem adapter card and plug it in - in one of the available expansion slots of your PC. In that way, you can connect your PC to the telephone lines to surf the Internet.
The expansion slots are but just an extension of the computer bus that we have discussed earlier. Can you still remember it? Note: The surge suppressor is a device that protects your computer against voltage spikes. There is also a device called line conditioner that protects the PC with line noise which came from high-demand electrical equipment that operates near your PC.
It is a Base 8 number system. The octal number system is used to conserve memory storage location of the computer system by grouping the binary digits into three.
Meaning, 3 bits is equivalent to 1 octal number. Decimal To Octal Number Conversion To convert decimal number into octal number, first we divide the decimal number by 8.
Then we have to take note the remainder after each computation of division operation. The computation process will stop when the quotient becomes 0. Again we have to read the remainders in upward direction or the last number is to be read first. Examples: Divide Quotient Remainder 1.
Octal To Decimal Number Conversion To convert octal number to decimal number, we have to multiply each octal number by its positional value. Then we sum up all the resulting products. Octal To Binary Number Conversion Using the given table below, we can convert octal number to its equivalent binary number. Each octal number must be converted one at a time by its equivalent binary number. Octal Binary 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Examples: 1. Obviously, we have the answer : 1 1 1.
For example again, we want to convert an octal number 6 to binary number equivalent. What if we want to convert an octal number 5 to its binary number equivalent? In other words, when we combine the three octal numbers , we will arrive to the answer : What we did with the excess binary number is to simply make it a zero number.
Can you now solve it by your own? Binary To Octal Number Conversion We just simply reverse the procedure when we convert the binary number into octal number. You could notice that every octal number has three equivalent binary digits bits. We will add zeroes to complete the group when incomplete groupings occur. Now refer to the table above to know the corresponding equivalent. Convert the following Decimal numbers to Octal numbers 1.
Convert the following Octal numbers to Decimal numbers 1. Convert the following Octal numbers to Binary numbers 1. Convert the following Binary numbers to Octal numbers 1. Without it, a computer is but just a box, nothing but a lifeless box.
Software truly brings the computer to life. Basically, the software enables a computer to perform specialized task. Generally, the software is categorized into two. The first one is the system software, while the other is the application software. Operating systems such as Windows Vista and Linux, and utility software such as anti-virus program and anti-spyware are belong to the system software category. While Microsoft Office , database software, graphics software, computer games, multimedia authoring software, entertainment and education software, are under the application software category.
History of Computer Software Revolution Like the computer hardware revolution, it is also noteworthy to study the history of the software revolution and when or where it took place and how it evolves all throughout these years. Here is now its timeline. This is a multi-tasking and multi-user OS that powers up high-end computers, network servers and workstations.
The OS is written in assembly language. Note: The Pascal programming language was created by Dr. Niklaus Wirth became the most popular structured programming language in its time. During this decade, Pascal language was used and popularized as the easiest programming language of choice by the academicians, and in fact the most recommended programming language for introductory course in programming in the United States and in other parts of the world.
Dennis Ritchie and Brian Kernighan. It is also in this same year they established their company. This is the first commercial spreadsheet software for PC users. Today, we are using Microsoft Excel as our spreadsheet software. This is the first commercial word-processing software for PC users. Today, we are using Microsoft Word as our word-processor.
Mainly, this software is a spreadsheet, but also features a database system and capable of graphically presenting the data. It is primarily used to design 2-D and 3-D D stands for Dimensional drawings or objects. Bjarne Stroustrup. At the same year, another word-processing software called WordPerfect was released by Satellite Software International.
This software has more capabilities than the previous WordStar word-processor. They jointly developed this operating system O. This is a clone of UNIX operating system that is specifically designed for the personal computer PC with an Intel microprocessor. At the same year, the computer scientists at Sun Microsystems created and developed the Java programming language that runs on any hardware and software platforms.
This is an authoring tools that provide simple interfaces and drag-and-drop editing features to create three-dimensional worlds with color, sound texture on the Internet Web. Microsoft Visual Studio 6. This O. The first release of Visual Studio. NET framework happened in year Note: The C programming language was originally launch in However, its official release as part of the Visual Studio bundled programming language product was in At the same year, the MS Office was also introduced to computer users as well as the Visual Studio.
NET framework which is the Visual Studio Microsoft SQL Server was also introduced. This is a major enhancement to the previous SQL Server This will replace Windows XP operating system. At the same year, the Microsoft Office was also introduced to PC users. In the third week of November , Microsoft corporation releases the Visual Studio which exclude the J programming language. Bits, Bytes, Data and Information A bit is a short term for binary digit and the smallest unit of information in computer term.
Usually, a bit is a value represented by zero 0 or one 1. A byte is a grouping of 8 bits. A single letter, number, or special symbol is made up of 8 bits which in turn equivalent to one byte. In other words, one character consumed one byte of storage capacity.
So a diskette that has 1. Well, you have to include the space or spaces between words because a space is considered as one character. Technically and in reality, 1 MB is more than 1,, since 1KB kilobytes is exactly equivalent to bytes. Kilo is an engineering term which means 1, The is a resulting computed value of base 2 exponent 10 , since computer operation is using a binary-based number system.
This number system denotes all numbers with combinations of two digits only : 0 and 1. The term information has many meanings. We only consider the definitions that are applicable to computer usage. Information can be applied to anything that can be communicated through any form of media.
In computer application, information is usually called the end-product of the input data, while data is considered the raw materials to be processed by the computer in order to produce meaningful and useful information. When the computer processed these data, it produces the information: the registration form that contains the list of subjects with its corresponding units, the different fees to be paid, such as miscellaneous fees, library fees, and laboratory fees. From the registration form, you would know how much tuition you have to pay, what room you are assigned and how much you would pay for the next payment period such as on midterm exam or final exam.
In short, information can help us to decide effectively. This is also applicable to other computerized business application systems. They are designed and constructed to help managers and executives to decide and manage effectively. Information Technology IT is truly an indispensable tool that aids our decision-making process. The Computer Programming Languages In the early evolution of computers, programmer and computer scientists are forced to write every program in machine language level, translating each instructions or commands into binary codes.
Today, almost all programmers use high-level programming languages that are easy to write, debug, and understand. To program and use these languages require considerable patience, interest, careful analysis, brain power, and time investment. Programming languages are used to solve complicated problems encountered in business operations, scientific research, and other industrial and manufacturing operations.
Since most of these programming languages are written and expressed in English- like instructions, these must be translated into a machine language. This is because the computer can only understand machine-level language. These translator programs are usually called: interpreter, compiler and linker.
A compiler converts all the source code into machine code, which eventually creates also the executable file. This executable file is usually has a.
EXE filename extension. The interpreter converts also the source code to machine code. However, instead of creating the executable code, the interpreter translates and then executes each line of the program, one line at a time.
In structured programming language, the programmer constructs programs out of small modules which are easy to understand, maintain or enhance. Each module which is also called sub-routine, performs action a specific task logic. The action and logical structures of the code are local only to the module.
The module can be reused by other parts of the program. Technical and programming notes —Highlight particularly important or difficult material. Coverage of templates, operator overloading, dynamic memory, linked lists, and inheritance. Exploring Concepts sections in each chapter.
Stimulate creative thought and class discussion. They introduce program design through detailed examples, case studies, and object design methodology and tools such as Unified Modelling Language UML. The authors carefully walk the reader through the principles of top-down design to produce complete real-world applications.
Introduction to Object Technology. Describing and Declaring Classes. Developing Your Own Classes. Program Designs and Algorithms 9. Operator Overloading and Templates.
Pointers and Dynamic Memory. Containers and Linked Lists Inheritance and Virtual Functions. Appendix A. Computer Data Storage. Appendix B. Character Representations. Appendix C. Operator Summary.
Appendix D. Stream Formatting. Appendix E. Appendix F. I would like to receive exclusive offers and hear about products from InformIT and its family of brands. I can unsubscribe at any time. Pearson Education, Inc. This privacy notice provides an overview of our commitment to privacy and describes how we collect, protect, use and share personal information collected through this site. Please note that other Pearson websites and online products and services have their own separate privacy policies.
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